Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 258: 267–282, Persson CGA, Gustafsson B (1986) Tracheal relaxation of combinations between xanthines and between a β, Persson CGA, Karlsson JA (1987) In vitro responses to bronchodilator durgs. The XANTHINES Xanthines, including caffeine and theophylline, come from a variety of naturally occurring sources. The methylxanthines, theophylline, and dyphylline are used in the treatment of airways obstruction caused by conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema. Drug Drug Description; Oxtriphylline: A bronchodilator used for the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, COPD, and emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 136: 1403–1407, Marquardt DL, Parker CN, Sullivan TJ (1978) Potentiation of mast-cell mediator release by adenosine. The derivatives of xanthine that are used most commonly in medicine have a methyl, or CH3, group on them. Common side effects include cough, headaches, vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea. Eur J Resp Dis 65: 28–34, Magnussen H, Reuss G, Jorres R (1987) Theophylline has a dose related effect on the airway response to inhaled histamine and methacholine in asthmatics. In: Morley J, Rainsford KD (eds) Pharmacology of asthma. The xanthines, which are purine analogues, are non-selective inhibitors of phosphodiesterase and also antagonists at adenosine receptors. The airway response to the inhalation of four alkyl xanthines was studied in 17 subjects with moderately severe asthma (mean FEV1 1.19 litres, 42% predicted). J Allergy Cl in Immunol, Kjellin G, Persson CGA (1985) Xanthine derivatives. Theophylline is the most well known and most commonly used methylxanthine. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 49: 313–316, Persson CGA, Ekman M, Erjefält I (1979) Vascular antipermeability effects of β-receptor antagonist and theophylline in the lung. Select one or more newsletters to continue. Xanthines. GISELLA MARENGO BEATRICE PUGLIESE. Sympathomimetics and xanthines are widely used in the treatment of both acute and chronic asthma. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 44: 216–220, Persson CGA, Erjefält I, Andersson P (1986a) Leakage of macromoleculs from guinea-pig tracheobronchial microcirculation. This medication belongs to a class of drugs known as xanthines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 254: 65–70, Orange PP, Kaliner MA, Laraia PJ, Austen KF (1971) Immunological release of histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis from human lung II. We compared the long-term efficacy and tolerability of enprofylline and theophylline given over a 1-year period to adults with asthma. Furthermore, in large doses, prazosin has some phosphodiesterase inhibitor properties. J Allergy Clin Immunol 76: 583–590, Perruchoud AP, Yerger L, Abraham W (1984) Differential effects of aminophylline on the early and late antigen-induced bronchial obstruction in allergic sheep. Ann Allergy 56: 171–175, Fink G, Mittelman M, Shohat B, Spitzer SA (1987) Theophylline-induced alterations in cellular immunity in asthmatic patients. Dekker, New York, pp 129–176, Persson CGA, Kjellin G (1981) Enprofylline, a principally new antiasthmatic xanthine. They are generally believed to act primarily by reversing the contraction of airway smooth muscle, although they may have additional properties that may be beneficial in the treatment of asthma … Xanthine medications The xanthines, caffeine and theobromine are the pharmacologically active components of a range of drinks such as coffee, tea, cocoa and soft drinks. It is used in the treatment of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Bronchodilators or antiasthmatics are medications used to facilitate respiration by dilating the airways. The methylxanthines, theophylline, and dyphylline are used in the treatment of airways obstruction caused by conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema. and used … This makes them useful to treat asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. Dtsch Arch Klin Med 82: 395–408, Snyder SH (1981) Adenosine receptors and the actions of methylxanhines. Arch Klin Med 80: 510–519, Andersson PT, Persson CGA (1988) Developments in anti-asthma glucocorticoids. Theophylline is an active component of different FDA-approved drugs for asthma and other respiratory conditions . Caffeine (present in coffee) and theobromine (present in chocolate) are also methylxanthines. Biochem Pharmacol 34: 4269–4273, Littenberg B (1988) Aminophylline treatment in severe, acute asthma. The xanthine drugs are clinically effective in asthma. Directions for New Antiasthma Drugs. Describe drugs used to treat asthma and bronchoconstriction in terms of mechanism of action, indications for use, major adverse effects, and nursing implications. Therefore, the detection of these compounds is important, and it has been performed also using electrochemical biosensors. Adhesive forces Am J Physiol 229: 1625–1631, Murciano D, Aubier M, Lecocguic Y, Pariente R (1984) Effect of theophylline on diaphragmatic strength and fatigue in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 46: 44, Persson CGA (1982) Universal adenosine receptor antagonism is neither necessary nor desirable with xanthine antiasthmatics. Br Med J 297: 1506–1510, Clark H, Cushley MJ, Persson CGA, Holgate ST (1989) The protective effects of intravenous theophylline and enprofylline against histamine-and adenosine-5’- monophosphate-provoked bronchoconstriction: implications for the mechanisms of action of xanthine derivatives in asthma. What is caffeine citrate? The Xanthines include: Aminophyline Caffeine Dyphilline Oxytriphylline Pentoxyfilline Theophylline Xanthines are effective in the treatment of asthma, but the mechanism of action remains unclear. Theobromine may be helpful for asthma, cough, and other respiratory tract problems, too. This medication works best when taken on an empty stomach one hour before or two hours after meals. Experts are not sure exactly how methylxanthines work but research has shown they inhibit the enzyme phosphodiesterase, antagonize adenosine receptors, and at lower dosages, their effects on histone deacetylase activity are believed to contribute to their immunomodulatory effects. These drugs were once main choice for treatment of asthma and bronchospasm. Br J Pharmacol 85: 29–37, Fliuk RB, Easton PA, Anthonisen NR (1985) Responses to large doses of salbutamol and theophylline in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a phosphodiesterase inhibiting drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma under a variety of brand names. However, because they have a relatively narrow margin of safety and interact with many other drugs, they are no longer considered the first-choice bronchodilators. Birkhäuser, Basel, pp 137–155, Pollock J, Kiechel F, Cooper D, Weinberger M (1977) Relationship of serum theophylline concentration to inhibition of exercise-induced bronchospasm and comparison with cromolyn. 714 Section 7 Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System 714 Section 1 Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System Box 44-1 National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) Expert Panel Guidelines* Definition Asthma is “a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role: in particu-lar, mast cells, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, macrophages, neu- Eur J Resp Dis 64: 333–339, Lunell E, Andersson KE, Persson CGA, Svedmyr N (1984) Intravenous enprofylline in asthma patients. Cushley MJ, Holgate ST. Side B: Xanthines reverse the airway obstruction in cases of asthma, providing thereby a quick relief. Xanthines belong to the chemical class of purine bases that include some very important endogenous substances such as guanine, adenine, hypoxanthine and uric acid. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools ... - this is a maintainace drug. Bronchial asthma is characterised by hyperresponsiveness of tracheobronchial smooth muscle to a variety of stimuli, resulting in narrowing of air tubes, often accompanied by increased secretion, mucosal edema and mucus plugging. CNS stimulation, Diuretic, smooth muscles relaxer, peripheral & coronary vasodilation, cerebral vasoconstriction. Br J Pharmacol 74: 73–79, Kips J, Pauwels R, Van Der Straeten M (1989) Effect of theophylline on the endotoxin-induced airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Xanthines (e.g. It … Drug name: Aminophylline - Intravenous. DRUGS FOR BRONCHIAL ASTHMA . Am Rev Respir Dis 132: 871–874, Fredholm BB (1980) Are the actions of methylxanthines due to antagonism of adenosine? Xanthines act as mild stimulants and help to improve breathing. Chapter 8 reviews the pharmacology of the xanthine drugs, such as theophylline. Pulm Pharmacol 2: 147–154, Crescioli S, Spinazzi A, Paleari D, Pozzan M, Mapp CE, Fabbri LM (1988) Theophylline inhibits early and late asthmatic reactions induced by allergens in atopic subjects with asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 136: 1174–1178, Erjefält I, Persson CGA (1989) Inflammatory passage of plasma macromolecules into airway wall and lumen. Factors Affecting Theophylline ... Bronchiolitis, bronchiectasis, & asthma Use only if pt has thick secretions w/o a productive cough-causes bronchostiction. This review of studies has established that there is evidence for useful effects of these drugs in terms of symptom relief and lung function, but also some evidence of side-effects. Life Sci 38: 1057–1072, Persson CGA, Erjefält I, Gustafasson B (1988) Xanthines - symptomatic or prophylactic in asthma? J Allergy Clin Immunol, 78(4 pt 2):817-824, 01 Oct 1986 Cited by: 16 articles | PMID: 3534062. Review. Bronchodilator actions of xanthine derivatives administered by inhalation in asthma. Br J Clin Pharmacol 19: 85–92, Mapp C, Boshetto P, Dal Veccho L, Crescioil S, De Marzo N, Paleari D, Fabbri LM (1987) Protective effect of antiasthma drugs on late asthmatic reactions and increased airway responsiveness induced by toluene diisocyanate in sensitized subjects. Beta-adrenergic bronchodilators dilate bronchial airways by relaxing the muscles that surround the … What are the effects of xanthines? Learn faster with spaced repetition. Chest 85: 610–615, Pauwels R, Van Renterghem D, Van Der Straeten M, Johannesson N, Persson CGA (1985) The effect of theophylline and enprofylline on allergen-induced broncho- constriction. Am Rev Respir Dis 138: 1106–1114, Welton AF (1980) Regulatory role of adenosine in antigen-induced histamine-release from the lung tissue of actively sensitized guinea-pigs. Pulmonary effects of seven xanthines, exhibiting a range of potencies as cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors and as adenosine antagonists, were investigated in anesthetized and ventilated guinea pigs. Long acting capsules and tablets must be swallowed whole. Xanthine Derivatives. Drugs used to treat Asthma The following list of medications are in some way related to, or used in the treatment of this condition. pp 207-225 | Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances. In: Andersson KE, Persson CGA (eds) Anti-asthma xanthines and adenosine. In contrast to other, more potent stimulants like sympathomimetic amines, xanthines mainly act to oppose the actions of adenosine, and increase alertness in the central nervous system. Cite as. However, in the customary hypotensive therapy dosages, prazosin does not appear to have significant effects on the bronchial muscle, Xanthines, best represented by theophylline, constitute a pharmacological principle of considerable age and importance in the treatment of asthma. Historical aspects of xanthines, effects of these compounds in the lung, and xanthine drug research are briefly reviewed. J Allergy Clin Immunol 81: 615–617, Persson CG A (1990a) On the medical history of asthma and rhinitis. Download preview PDF. In: Mygind N, Pipkorn U, Dahl R (eds) Rhinitis and asthma. 4. Derivatives of xanthine (known collectively as xanthines) are a group of alkaloids commonly used for their effects as mild stimulants and as bronchodilators, notably in the treatment of asthma or influenza symptoms. (1990) Comparison between theophylline and an adenosine non-blocking xanthine in acute asthma. 142.44.244.252. It works by relaxing the muscles around the airways so that they open up and you can breathe more easily. The pharmacology of anti-asthma xanthines remains a topical field for experimental and clinical research. Biochem Pharmacol 29: 1085–1092, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75855-3_7. Xanthine derivatives have been used in allergic asthma for their bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory properties; however, these agents have multiple side effects. Several once-daily β (2)-AR agonists or ultra-long-acting β (2)-AR-agonists (LABAs), such as indacaterol, olodaterol, and vilanterol, are already in the market or under development for the treatment of COPD and asthma, but current recommendations suggest the use of LABAs only in … Research and clinical practice. Used as bronchodilators for asthma and COPD patients ; Not as widely used in the 90s as has been the case in the past ; Now considered to be second or third-line drugs in treatment of asthma COPD ; 3 Types of Xanthines. Amsterdam, Excerpta, pp 16–22, Berthet J, Sutherland EN, Rail TW (1957) The assay of glucagon and epinephrine with use of liver homogenates. The three types of bronchodilators used for treating asthma are; 1) beta-adrenergic bronchodilators; 2) anticholinergic bronchodilators; and 3) xanthine derivatives. There are multiple modes of action, and different drugs exert varying selectivities. Excerpta, Amsterdam, pp 23–40, Persson CGA (1986) Development of safer xanthine drugs for treatment of obstructive airway disease. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. There are multiple modes of action, and different drugs exert varying selectivities. Long-lasting protective effect of slow-release theophylline on asthma induced by ultrasonically nebulized distilled water. For patients that are experiencing an acute asthma exacerbation, systemic steroids should be used to decrease inflammation. Clinical Application Case Study. Chest 93: 510–514, Schmedeberg O (1905) Uber die Anwendung des Theophyllins als Diuretikum. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmacol 231: 586–601, Torphy T (1988) Action of mediators on airway smooth muscle: Functional antagonism as a mechanism for bronchodilator drugs. Am Rev Respir Dis 141: 1167–1171, Lindenschmidt RC, Witschi HP (1985) Attenuation of pulmonary fibrosis in mice by aminophylline. The methylxanthine theophylline has demonstrated efficacy in attenuating the three cardinal features of asthma - reversible airflow obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation. It seems there is a fair amount of interest in our community regarding the use of bronchodilators for people who have asthma. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 17: 799–806, Ruffin R, Bryant D, Burdon J, Marlin G, Mitchell C, O’Hehir R, Wilson J, Woolocock A, Webb S (1988) Comarison of the effects of nebuilzed terbutaline with intravenous enprofylline in patients with acute asthma. Properties in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) in … xanthine derivatives administered by in. Can breathe more easily methyl xanthine, which has a major role in the of! And EIB non-selective inhibitors of phosphodiesterase and also antagonists at adenosine receptors subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters for the treatment obstructive! Information - level as least once a year most commonly used methylxanthine the easiest way lookup! The lung, and cerebral vasoconstriction, or in Brainscape 's iPhone or Android app ( ). Stomach one hour before or two hours after meals as airway antiinflammatory.! Airways inflammation chapter 8 reviews the pharmacology of asthma in children that you are required to be familiar.! 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